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  Archaeological investigations at the Cruz Bay public cemetery in St. John, US Virgin Islands

  Kate A. Crossan, A. Brooke Persons, Mary Davis, Megan Kleeschulte, and Giovanna Vidoli

  The Jeffrey L. Brown Institute of Archaeology (JBIA) of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) in partnership with the Forensic Anthropology Center (FAC) of the University of Tennessee Knox-ville (UTK) performed archaeological monitoring and data recovery to remove and relocate burial features near the Cruz Bay Public Cemetery within the Cruz Bay Historic District in Cruz Bay, St. John, US Virgin Islands. The current Area of Potential Effect (APE) for the cemetery excavations targets the portion of the historic Cruz Bay Public Cemetery impacted by the Cruz Bay Underground project, encompassing 132 m (433 ft) of conduit excavations within Strande Gade (Bay Street) and 30 m (98 ft) of conduit excavations within the Gallows Point Resort driveway.

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  Gullah-Geechee landscapes on Ossabaw Island, Georgia

  Nicholas Honerkamp, Meredith Gilligan, and Taylor Maxie

  The North End Plantation on Ossabaw Island, Georgia (9CH1062) has been almost continually occupied since the 1760s. Although a large number of enslaved Africans (later Gullah-Geechee) resided there, the remains of three tabby duplexes are the only substantial evidence associated with them. This paper summarizes the results of two field seasons of landscape reconstruction that were aimed at identifying the locations of additional non-tabby cabins, historic plantation roadways, and adjacent yard areas associated with the cabins. In conjunction with historic aerial photographs, domestic and architectural artifacts recovered from an extensive systematic survey were used to generate artifact density contour maps that define the slave and Gullah-Geechee occupations at the site over time. The application of this approach at other coastal plantation sites is also considered.

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  Additional reconnaissance survey of the New Orleans Cemetery area, Sapelo Island, Georgia

  Nicholas Honerkamp

  On July 18, 2012 a followup surface reconnaissance was made of the suspected site of the New Orleans Cemetery on Sapelo Island, Georgia. This work supplemented the pedestrian survey made by the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Archaeological Field School on June 8, 2012. In the July 21, 2012 report for that earlier effort it was recommended that “any future survey in this [New Orleans Cemetery] area be concentrated along the eastern margin of the suspected cemetery location, which UTC did not thoroughly investigate.” This area was mentioned by Ray Crook in his description of work he had done with local residents Cornelia and Frank Bailey and Stanley Walker to identify the missing cemetery. In a September 25, 2011 email, Crook had added a correction that recommended an area south and east of the UTM coordinate be checked for the presence of unmarked graves. Thus, on July 18 a group consisting of Mryna and Max Crook, Sapelo Island Manager Fred Hay, and the author spent half a day walking the southeastern section adjacent to the suspected site area.

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  Searching for Geechee footprints: plantation research on Ossabaw Island, Georgia

  Nicholas Honerkamp

  According to documentary records, the North End Plantation on Ossabaw Island, Georgia (9CH1062) has been occupied for over two and a half centuries. Archaeological testing and GPR survey in 2005 and 2007 demonstrated the substantial archaeological potential of the site’s various plantation occupations. However, basic spatial, temporal, and functional parameters at the North End have not been fully established. By focusing on the Geechee components, a 2011 archaeological survey resulted in an overall model of the site’s structure through time. Besides discussing the survey results, this paper examines the efficacy of the survey strategy used for identifying plantation occupations on Ossabaw and other coastal Georgia sites.

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  Community-based mortuary archaeology on Sapelo Island, Georgia

  Lindsey Cochran, Nicholas Honerkamp, and Ray Crook

  “We can’t swing a shovel without waking someone up.” This quote from a Geechee resident of Sapelo Island, Georgia expresses her distress about an ongoing problem at Sapelo’s Behavior Cemetery: the presence of unmarked graves and disturbances to them from recently dug graves. It also provided the impetus for a communitydriven program of mortuary archaeological research focusing on (1) discovering the spatial and temporal parameters of a 19th century slave site within the Cemetery parcel; (2) recording all extant grave markers in the cemetery and making this information accessible; and (3) identifying the presence of unmarked graves through the application of GPR in order to clear areas for future burials. This paper highlights the mutually beneficial nature of a public partnership with archaeologists that directly addresses social and religious priorities of contemporary Gullah-Geechee peoples while simultaneously answering basic questions concerning antebellum Gullah-Geechee life.

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  Defining frame slave cabins at the Thomas Spalding Plantation, Sapelo Island, Georgia

  Nicholas Honerkamp

  Two field seasons of survey-level research at the Spalding Plantation on Sapelo Island, Georgia have been devoted to locating wood frame slave cabins. Shown on an 1857 map, these structures are difficult to recognize archaeologically due to the scarcity of definitive architectural remains; in essence, no foundation elements survive when wooden frame cabins are set on blocks of wood, tabby, or brick that are robbed after the cabins are abandoned. However, indirect evidence for the presence of cabins may take the form of nail distributions that occur in an inversely spatial relationship with secondary refuse discard at this site: nails would be expected to mark the former cabin locations, and middens should occur adjacent to, rather than in, the cabin footprints. Using GIS, such spatial signatures have been tentatively identified on Sapelo Island.

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  Architecture, settlement structure, and labor relations at three antebellum plantations on Sapelo Island, Georgia

  Nicholas Honerkamp and Ray Crook

  Research at three antebellum plantations on Sapelo Island, Georgia indicates a wide variety in Geechee settlement forms, construction techniques and materials, and architectural artifacts associated with structures. Based on documentary and archaeological data, two contrasting forms of settlement patterning are described that correlate with distinct labor relations at individual plantations. Significant slave cabin construction changes over a 60 year period are presented that resulted from either coercion or choice. Finally, archaeological manifestations of slave cabin details (windows and tabby plaster) are described and related to status differences between planter and slave.

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  An archaeological survey of the Brainerd Mission Cemetery

  Krista Jordan-Greene, James N. Greene, and Nicholas Honerkamp

  The Brainerd Mission Cemetery (40HA128) was placed on the National Register of Historical Places in 1979. The cemetery is all that visibly remains of the Brainerd Mission for Cherokee Indians. Christian missionaries converted and educated Cherokee students until the tragic Trail of Tears in 1838. Today the cemetery is preserved on a one acre complex surrounded by parking lots, roads, and commercial establishments of the Eastgate Shopping Mall and Brainerd Village. The City of Chattanooga acquired the green space and parking lot north and east of the cemetery for future interpretive and educational initiatives. The Jeffery L. Brown Institute of Archaeology conducted an archaeological survey consisting of the backhoe excavation of seven trenches on these parcels. The survey was designed to generate information on the archaeological record of the property, particularly the presence of subsurface features such as unmarked historic burials. No significant cultural remains were encountered during the survey.

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  Archaeological survey and testing at High Point Plantation (9MC66), Sapelo Island, Georgia

  Honerkamp Nicholas

  High Point Plantation (9MC66), located on the north end of Sapelo Island (Figure 1), has a complex and intriguing history. This site also possesses a certain element of archaeological ambiguity concerning its nature, and even its location. A primary purpose of the survey and testing program carried out at High Point by the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga during the summer of 2007 was to substantially reduce, if not eliminate, many of these uncertainties. As summarized below, this goal has largely been achieved. Additionally, it has simultaneously been possible to provide the project sponsor—the Georgia Department of Natural Resources—with a cultural resource management document that outlines (1) the content and spatial extent of the archaeo-logical record at 9MC66, (2) the significance of those remains, and (3) suggestions for future research.

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  Working plantations on Sapelo Island : High Point versus Chocolate

  Nicholas Honerkamp

  Back-to-back archaeological surveys on Sapelo Island, Georgia by the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga have concentrated on two sites: a substantial, intensively occupied plantation dating primarily to the first half of the 19th century (Chocolate) and an earlier, sporadically occupied operation that included a short-lived French component (High Point). This paper compares the archaeological manifestations of slave occupations at both sites and identifies distinct material contrasts between the slave assemblages. It is primarily in terms of architectural and ceramic characteristics that different living conditions for the two groups are most clearly indicated.

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  Archaeological monitoring of construction of the Tennessee Riverpark

  R. Bruce Council

  Archaeological monitoring of construction of the "Millenium" segment of the Tennessee Riverpark development was conducted between April 2002 and May 2005. A small number of closed-context features were exposed and documented during the monitoring. Three human interments and one small firepit were recorded. The great majority of the route of the Riverpark contained no significant archaeological features or deposits. Significant portions of the route of the walkway traversed severely modified terrain including capped landfills, roadway shoulders and redeposited fills. Previously-recorded historic and prehistoric sites near the Amnicola Marsh had been seriously disturbed during creation of the Centre South Industrial Riverport and no closed-context archaeological features were noted during Riverpark construction activities in that vicinity. The Roxbury Site, 40HA66, principally contained the badly disturbed remnants of a Late Woodland mound and village that had largely been destroyed during construction of a textile mill in the early 1970s. Very small remnants of undisturbed midden may remain on the Northrup King parcel of the Riverpark. A lithic scatter is also adjacent to one segment of the Riverpark north of the Riverpoint spur trail. This site merits protection and further testing as the opportunity arises. Three human interments were exposed during the construction project; one was encountered within the work limits by project contractors and was recognized and protected by the monitoring archaeologist. The additional two burials were exposed out of the work limits by a contractor not affiliated with the Riverpark construction. All three burials were reported to the Hamilton County Medical Examiner's office and the Tennessee State Archaeologist. The interments were not excavated or recovered, but were capped by concrete slabs and left in situ as directed by the State Archaeologist.

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  Archaeological testing at the Doak site (40GN257): the 2005 season

  Nicholas Honerkamp

  In May and June of 2005, the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) Archaeological Field School carried out secondary testing excavations at the Doak Site (40GN257), located on the campus of Tusculum College in Greeneville, Tennessee. The purpose of this project was to follow up on previous research completed in 2003 and 2004, as outlined in site reports, papers, and a journal publication (Honerkamp 2003, 2004, 2005). This literature describes a phased survey and testing program at the site of the extant plantation home of Samuel Witherspoon Doak. Built about 1830, his substantial two-story brick manor, adhering to a modified Georgian style, dominated the local landscape in the early 19th century. Other structures associated with the main house included the Academy (a small frame building where classes were taught as early as 1835; Doughty 1975:174-175), a large barn, and a springhouse. Doak was a successful planter, land speculator, minister, father of 13 children, and educator who established an early college in Greene County that eventually merged with Greeneville College in 1868 to become Tusculum College (Fuhrmann 1986:43-54; 60-63). The plantation house was owned by his descendents until the mid 1970s, when it was donated to the College. For the last several years it has served as the focal point for the Tusculum College Department of Museum Program and Studies, and currently hosts several thousand school students every year as part of its educational mission. With this success came plans for expansion of the Museum’s parking lot, upgrading underground utilities, and other land-altering activities, thus necessitating the survey and testing program by UTC in 2003 and 2004. As in previous years, the 2005 Field School was supported by a grant by Tusculum College to cover field and laboratory expenses, student housing, and a small student stipend. Equipment for the project was donated by the UTC Jeffrey L. Brown Institute of Archaeology. Seven students participated in the 2005 excavations under the direction of the author. Of the three and one-half weeks devoted to fieldwork, approximately two days were rained out; artifact cleaning occurred during this time.

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  The "deserving poor" in colonial Georgia : elite and non-elite domestic sites at Fort Frederica, Georgia

  Nicholas Honerkamp

  Social differences at domestic sites in the fortified town of Frederica (1736-1750) are explored through comparisons of architecture type and location, refuse disposal practices, selected artifacts, and dietary data. Based on archival-based Relative Economic Position, three sites representing three social strata at Frederica are used for these comparisons. The results of this analysis serve as a starting point for future testing at British colonial sites possessing similar social and temporal parameters.

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  A preliminary archaeological survey of the Spencer Marsh House, Walker County, Georgia

  Nicholas Honerkamp

  In April, 2004, Erin May of Preservation Studio South contacted the author concerning an architectural assessment and rehabilitation of the historic Spencer Marsh House in Lafayette, Walker County, Georgia. As part of their project, Ms. May and lead architect Andy Smith were interested in establishing the archaeological context of the surrounding yard at this site, and they requested input from the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Institute of Archaeology. After visiting the site, it was decided that the UTC Archaeological Field School would conduct a preliminary survey of a portion of the yard during the first week of May. Fieldwork occurred on May 5 and 6, 2004, with artifact analysis and report preparation occurring at the UTC Institute of Archeology Laboratory on May 7 and 8 and June 4 ,5 and 6. Eight students under the direction of Dr. Nicholas Honerkamp participated in the fieldwork.

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  Archaeological testing at the Doak House and Academy, Greeneville, Tennessee

  Nicholas Honerkamp

  In May and June of 2004, the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) summer archaeological field school carried out systematic testing at the Doak House Museum, an extant antebellum structure in Greeneville, Tennessee. This testing program was predicated on the previous summer’s research, which resulted in the discovery of significant archaeological remains in the project area (Honerkamp 2003, 2004). Located on the campus of Tusculum College, the house was built about 1830 by the Reverend Samuel W. Doak, the founder of the College. Doak was a minister, educator and successful planter and landowner who apparently did not possess slaves. His large brick two-story house has been continuously occupied by family descendents until its transformation into a museum in the 1970s. Current plans call for construction of an expanded parking lot and considerable upgrading of utilities, necessitating the archaeological survey and testing program.

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  A documentary overview of the proposed University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Greenway

  R. Bruce Council

  The proposed greenway through the campus of the University of Tennessee does not intercept, nor closely approach any recorded archaeological sites listed with the Tennessee Division of Archaeology. The route of the greenway closely follows a railroad grade cut originally constructed in 1856-58 by the East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad. The right-of-way was also maintained by the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad and its successor, the Southern Railway. The right-of-way of this grade cut was originally 66 feet in width, but was enlarged to 80 feet and more during the late 1800s. The right-of-way housed a double track branch line that was maintained into the 1960s until being abandoned in place by the Southern Railway. Civil War field fortifications were present near the northern end of the greenway at the grade crossing of the railroad at East Third Street. Modern construction has severely disturbed this area and no intact military features are likely to be encountered. Domestic and light industrial historic sites are not included within the proposed primary construction impact zone. There is little probability of intercepting potentially significant domestic or industrial sites or features. Portions of the right-of-way between Oak and Vine streets do contain intact, in situ rails, and the grade cut at this locality retains much of its original relief Current construction plans indicate that the greenway does not significantly depart from the corridor established by the railroad right-of-way. Modern construction has erased much of the right-of-way and reduced the cultural resource inventory in its immediate surroundings. Archaeological monitoring and/or testing is therefore not recommended.

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  Landscape archaeology at the Doak House

  Nicholas Honerkamp

  The Doak House Museum is housed in an impressive brick structure located on the campus of Tusculum College in Greene County, Tennessee. Built about 1829-30, this large two-story mansion was owned until the mid-1970s by descendents of the Samuel W. Doak family, the original occupants. Doak was a minister and pioneer educator in east Tennessee who, with his father, established Tusculum Academy (later College) in 1818 (Fuhrmann 1986:43). Samuel W. Doak built a second academy adjacent to his residence in 1835; oral tradition has it that this restored wooden building sits on its original limestone foundations (George Collins: personal communication) approximately 41 m south of the house. A restored springhouse about 60.5 m east of the academy building is the third extant structure associated with the antebellum Doak occupation; its construction date is unknown. The Tusculum College Department of Museum Program and Studies operates the Doak House Museum. Current plans by the College call for extensive modifications to the grounds surrounding the Doak House, including new parking lots, roadways, landscaping, and additional utilities. As part of the planning process, George Collins, the Department’s Director, felt it would be useful to have an archaeological survey undertaken prior to any alterations to the property. The goals of the survey were to identify historic fence lines, roadways, outbuildings, and other landscape elements on the property in order to avoid destroying significant archaeological resources and to guide future restoration efforts. Collins contacted the Jeffrey L. Brown Institute of Archaeology at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, and it was agreed that the UTC summer archaeological field school would be held at the site during the spring of 2003. Through outside grants and the support of Tusculum College, the Doak House Museum provided housing and a modest stipend for the field school students. Fieldwork occurred from May 7 through June 5, 2003, with a crew of eight students supervised by Dr. Nicholas Honerkamp, Director of the Institute of Archaeology. This 21-day project generated 15 pages of typed field notes, several plan view maps, over 300 digital field photos (including several dozen provided by the Doak House Museum), and 87 bags of artifacts. Cleaning, classification and analysis of the 8848 artifacts generated by this project occurred during June, July, and August at the UTC Institute of Archaeology laboratory under the direct supervision of the author. Report preparation was undertaken in August and September of 2003 and involved approximately 200 person-hours. Besides the present report, a PowerPoint presentation on the results of the archaeological research was given by the author at Tusculum College on September 29, 2003.

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  A phase I archaeological survey of a parcel at the Southeast corner of Cowart and West Thirteenth Street Chattanooga, Tennessee

  R. Bruce Council

  In response to a request by the Union Planters Bank of Chattanooga, Tennessee, the Jeffrey L. Brown Institute of Archaeology, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, conducted a Phase I archaeological survey of a parcel of land situated at the southeast corner of Cowart and West Thirteenth Streets in the downtown area of Chattanooga. The purpose of the survey was to determine if archaeological resources potentially eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places were present on the parcel, consonant with provisions of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. Documentary research on the property was limited to inspection of readily available historic maps and fire insurance plats of the property that illustrated the nature of improvements or other land uses through time. The cartographic overview permitted identification of features for targeted excavation in the field. Research suggests that the property was vacant until the mid-1880s. A small structure at the southeast corner of the project area is illustrated on Sanborn fire insurance maps in 1885, and an historic aerial view of 1886 also depicts the structure. The building was a warehouse associated with the Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad. This structure was razed c. 1888 and two new one-story utility railroad structures were erected along the tracks situated south of the project area. These structures were associated with the Alabama Great Southern Railroad. These two structures were razed by 1917 and the project area remained vacant until 1954- 69, during which period a small tin-clad utility building was erected on the railroad frontage of the lot. Archaeological survey of the parcel consisted of the excavation of three backhoe search trenches at 10m (33') intervals across the width of the trapezoidal lot. The trenches were two feet (0.6m) in width and carried to a uniform depth of five feet (1.5m). Unstable soils and groundwater flooding of the trenches prevented detailed recording of soil stratigraphy and features. Two limestone wall foundations and one abandoned 24" ceramic sewer line were encountered during the testing. The wall foundations appear to be associated with the c. 1885 railroad warehouse. Soil stratigraphy was dominated by deep accumulations of coal cinder and clinker, and deposits of mixed, redeposited clays and brick rubble.

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  Identification of historic burials at the Nabors Family Cemetery, Dade County, Georgia

  Nicholas Honerkamp

  As part of a Request for a Permit to Disinter/Reinter Human Remains at the Nabors family cemetery in Dade County, Georgia, the Stein Construction Company contracted with the author for archaeological services in order to identify the presence of historic burials. The cemetery is located off Old Wauhatchee Pike, just below the Hamilton County Tennessee/Dade County, Georgia state line. A parcel of land surrounding the cemetery area is currently being cleared and graded by Stein, and will be the site of a large warehouse complex. The project area is bounded on the north by Conagra Food Services property, on the east and south by the Louisville and Nashville rail line, and on the west by Old Wauhatchee Pike/US 11. It will be necessary to relocate the family cemetery to allow completion of the construction project. At the time of the fieldwork two gravestones were situated in a highly overgrown “island” of trees and understory. The cemetery is in a small level area that falls off sharply to the north, south, and west; immediately to the east is a bulldozed roadbed that former landowner Jack Gill stated was constructed during the 1960s. A temporary construction road is east of and adjacent to the earlier road. Archaeological fieldwork at the Nabors cemetery occurred during June 27 and 28, 2002, and resulted in the identification of two burials associated with extant headstones/footstones and an unmarked burial that closely corresponds to a third documented interment for which no marker was present. Along with analysis of materials recovered during the testing, this finding closely matches information provided by the Sue Forrester, the Project Genealogist hired by the sponsor, as well as oral history information from family descendents and Jack Gill.

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  Archaeological monitoring at the Citico Site, 40HA65, Chattanooga, Tennessee

  R. Bruce Council and Nicholas Honerkamp

  This report documents archaeological monitoring activities carried out for one day in December of 2001 at the Citico Site, 40HA65, under the direction of Nicholas Honerkamp. The monitoring was in conjunction with construction work at the location of the former Sandbar restaurant. Demolition of the foundations of the former structure had revealed a high vertical profile that contained two prehistoric burial pits beneath a midden stratum. Honerkamp had noticed the presence of the burials and reported them to the Hamilton County Medical Examiner's Office on Wednesday, November 28. Thomas Bodkin of that office met with Honerkamp at the site on November 29 and confirmed the presence of human bone in both burials. At that point developer Lawton Haygood was contacted and a meeting was arranged between Tennessee State Archaeologist Nick Fielder, Haygood, Honerkamp and Bodkin, and local Native American representatives. It was agreed that the burials would not be disturbed by further construction, that they would be covered to protect them from looters, and that some archeological monitoring of construction activities would be required.

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  Archaeological survey and testing of the proposed Riverpark extensions on Synair Corporations, City of Chattanooga, and NK Lawn and Garden Properties, Chattanooga, Tennessee

  R. Bruce Council and Nicholas Honerkamp

  In response to a request by Ross-Fowler, P.C., of Knoxville, the lead planning agency in the proposed extension of the Tennessee Riverpark, the Jeffrey L. Brown Institute of Archaeology at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (hereafter "the Institute) completed fieldwork associated with a Phase I survey and Phase II secondary testing at two localities in Chattanooga that will be impacted by proposed extensions to the Tennessee Riverpark. The Institute conducted a Phase I survey of a 1600'/490m linear corridor through properties of the Synair Corporation and a City of Chattanooga tract, and a Phase II secondary testing project at 40HA66, the Roxbury Site, at the mouth of South Chickamauga Creek, involving roughly 4800'/ 1460m of linear corridor. This research was designed to identify significant archaeological resources that might be impacted by the construction of the Tennessee Riverpark extension. In accordance with regulations codified at 36 CFR 800 (84 FR 27044, May 18, 1999), the Tennessee Historical Commission stipulated that previously unsurveyed portions of the proposed Riverpark extension construction route be subject to Phase I archaeological survey, and that Phase II secondary testing be done on the Roxbury Mound site due to the presence of a Woodland-period burial mound adjacent to the walkway, and the likelihood of prehistoric remains being present at the junction of South Chickamauga Creek and the Tennessee River. The Institute carried out twelve days of survey and testing during April and May of 2001. This preliminary report outlines the results of this survey and testing, and will be incorporated into a final report that will also include the results of monitoring at 40HA66 as well as other sections of the proposed Riverpark extension.

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  "Large quantities had to be marked for disposal" : an artifact inventory of Shiner's Trench, Fort Frederica National Monument

  Nicholas Honerkamp

  This report presents the results of inventory and analysis of artifacts associated with Shiner's Trench, Fort Frederica National Monument, St. Simons Island, Georgia. The inventory and analysis was conducted by two students enrolled in an independent studies laboratory course during the spring of 2000 (170 hours) and two student-interns (480 hours) during the following summer. The internships were part of a W ASO Archaeology and Ethnography Program. About 20 hours of data input student assistance also occurred during the fall of 2000. The analysis was performed at the Jeffrey L. Brown Institute of Archaeology laboratory at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC), under the supervision of Dr. Nicholas Honerkamp, Director of the Institute and Principa!Jnvestigator (PI) for the project. The UTC researchers worked closely with the National Park Service's Southeastern Archaeological Center (SEAC) and the staff at Fort Frederica during the project. The primary goal of the research was to (1) generate an inventory of artifacts from the trench, particularly ceramic remains; (2) evaluate the condition of the inventoried collections; and (3) make recommendations concerning the future disposition of the artifacts. A total of approximately 670 person-hours was devoted to the inventory tasks, excluding supervision and report preparation by the PI.

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  Gender, family composition, and social mobility at Fort Frederica, Georgia, 1736 - c. 1750

  Nicholas Honerkamp

  More complete documentary information on the identity of residents of the British colonial town of Frederica has allowed revised interpretations of the archaeological record there. Two tightly controlled excavations in the town reveal contrasts in site structure, refuse disposal practices, faunal remains, and material culture from 1736-c. 1750. The Hird site, dating from 1736 to 1748, was occupied by a husband, wife, and their three children (a son and two daughters); the Forrester site, c. 1742-1754, is attributed to a (presumably) solitary adult male. This paper explores the possible gender, family composition, and social mobility dimensions of the archaeological contrasts in addition to spatial and temporal factors affecting these sites.

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  A cultural resource overview of the proposed Riverpark extension, rowing center segment to fishing park segment

  R. Bruce Council

  In response to a request by Ross/Fowler of Knoxville, the Institute of Archaeology, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga prepared a technical proposal and budget for a cultural resources overview of a proposed extension of the Tennessee Riverpark from the Rowing Center to the Fishing Park at the C. B. Robinson Bridge. The purpose of this overview is to identify the existing, recorded archaeological resources within the project impact area; to estimate the potential for unrecorded archaeological sites in the vicinity; and to discuss historic land uses, cultural sensitivity factors and interpretive possibilities for purposes of conceptual planning of the proposed walkway extension.

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  An archaeological survey of a proposed barge unloading facility, TRM 463.6R, Chattanooga, Hamilton County, Tennessee

  R. Bruce Council and Nicholas Honerkamp

  The Jeffrey L. Brown Institute of Archaeology, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, conducted a Phase I archaeological survey on a 3.76 acre parcel on the right bank of the Tennessee River at or about log mile 463.6 in Chattanooga, Hamilton County, Tennessee. The project sponsor was JIT Terminals, Inc. Construction of a barge unloading terminal was in progress when the testing program was initiated, and only half of the total affected acreage could be tested. A total of seven backhoe search trenches were excavated: three 20m long trenches were excavated across the crest of the T1 river levee; four 5m long trenches were spaced on the backslope of the levee. The minimum depth of the tests was 1.6m and the maximum, 2.5m. No aboriginal lithics, pottery, clay daub or mollusk shell debris was noted in any of the seven profiles inspected and photographed. Artifacts recovered from archaeological search trenching included one limestone-tempered plain sherd and twelve pieces of flint debitage and utilized flakes. All other ceramics were recovered in unassociated contexts in construction trench spoil piles. Artifacts recovered from construction spoil piles included one shell-tempered plain, three limestone-tempered plain, and one limestone-tempered fabric marked sherd. Ten pieces of flint debitage and utilized flakes were retrieved from construction spoil. Degradation of the T1 river levee crest may have occurred in the recent past due to machine grading of the parcel to remove surface vegetation. This truncation of the "A" horizon soils appears to be minor, however. The backslope area of the Ti levee has been filled with redeposited "B" horizon soils to a depth of one meter, more or less. "A" horizon soils on the backslope were generally shallow, i.e. 0.3m to 0.5m. Light, scattered fire-cracked rock is common in the upper elevations of the "B" horizon soils and lower limits of the "A" soil zone on the levee crest. Fire-cracked rock is largely absent on the backslope of the levee. Fire-cracked rock appeared with the highest frequency at the west end of the project area. Limited research on historic period site utilization suggests no significant occupations on the parcel from 1863 to the present. Historic artifacts from search trenching included only modern container glass and other debris. Due to the absence of a developed midden and the overall low frequency of artifacts, the JIT Terminal tract does not appear to contain archaeological resources eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places and no further research is recommended.